Are orcs actually evil?

[Inziladun]

Originally Posted by Galadriel55

Maybe they can only do evil because they only know evil? They have no experience of ever doing anything good.

Yet, if we accept that they were originally Children of Ilúvatar, they they do retain in their hearts the ability to abjure evil deeds. In that case, the standard of judgement would be the same for them as the other Children. Bad environments can only take so much of the blame. Túrin was raised in Doriath with the most noble and wise foster-parents he could have had, and still committed an unforgivable act of murder against Brandir. Tuor grew up in slavery and still managed to keep on the "good" path. The choice for good might be harder for some than for others, but ultimately the individual is responsible. I think the true measure of any one Orc could only be seen after the downfall of Sauron. Some would keep to evil, but I feel sure some could be taught how to live in peace.

Originally Posted by Galadriel55

And "freedom to do evil" also has choices: to do it, or to do nothing (ie not good and not evil). I'm not really sure where I'm leading with this, but I think it's a valuable point.

Intentions come into play also. An Orc who took genuine delight in torture and murder would, in my mind, be more "evil" than one of the smaller breeds who might well have an affinity for cruelty, but who mainly acted in Sauron's service out of fear. Committing evil to avoid personal harm is ultimately not an excuse though.

Originally Posted by Galadriel55

If you think that Tolkien's characters are black and white, then you are greatly mistaken. There isn't one that is either.

I think I would certainly put Morgoth in the "black" category. He had so much knowledge of Ilúvatar's plans and deliberately set out to thwart them.
I would also put Gandalf in the "white" category, and probably Aragorn and Faramir also. All three are given clear choices to embrace evil, and choose good instead.

[Galadriel55]

Originally Posted by Inziladun

I think I would certainly put Morgoth in the "black" category. He had so much knowledge of Ilúvatar's plans and deliberately set out to thwart them.
I would also put Gandalf in the "white" category, and probably Aragorn and Faramir also. All three are given clear choices to embrace evil, and choose good instead.

They all come close, but I can't say that they are pure black/white, even if they come very close. I don't want to go deeply into this, because this could turn into a separate discussion, but all the "white" characters had some flaw, as puny as it can be, that makes them very-very-very-very light grey. As for Morgoth, he wasn't evil originally. Before he "became evil", he sang in the Ainulindale in harmony with the others.

But, he comes so close to "black" that it's really undistinguishable. I'd like to say that his evil deeds turned to good in the end, but, as Mandos notes...

Originally Posted by The Sil, Of the Sun and Moon

[Manwe said:] "Thus even as Eru spoke to us shall beauty not before concieved be brought into Ea, and evil yet be good to have been." But Mandos said, "And yet remain evil."

Even Eru cannot be said to be truly white - just look at the number of times this topic has been debated lately in various threads!

However, this is a side discussion, and I will refrain from debating this further.

[Inziladun]

Originally Posted by Galadriel55

But, he comes so close to "black" that it's really undistinguishable.

Actually, having looked through Letters, it looks to me as if Morgoth was not thought by Tolkien to be completely evil.

In my story I do not deal in absolute evil. I do not think there is such a thing, since that is Zero. I do not think that at any rate any 'rational being' is wholly evil.

Letter #183

And regarding the Orcs, he says:

....the Orcs-- who are fundamentally a race of 'rational incarnate' creatures, though horribly corrupted, if no more so than many Men to be met today.

Letter #153

If the Orcs are 'rational' creatures, it follows they must be capable of free will. And if Morgoth himself was not totally evil, the Orcs as a race could not be so either.

Originally Posted by Galadriel55

Even Eru cannot be said to be truly white - just look at the number of times this topic has been debated lately in various threads!

Ah, but it's Ilúvatar's world, isn't it? He made it. Good and evil are his to define.

[Alfirin]

Originally Posted by Inziladun

Actually, having looked through Letters, it looks to me as if Morgoth was not thought by Tolkien to be completely evil.

Letter #183

And regarding the Orcs, he says:

Letter #153.

From a logical point of view, he really can't be anmore than a being can be pure good. Such extremes are not merely unattainable, they are logically impossible, for the simple reason that many vices and virtues are ultimatley mutually contradictory with each other. To give an example it is impossible to be both perfectly just and perfectly merciful, in thier pure form the two become mutually contradictory. Likewise, a purely evil character would not make a compelling villian. He or she would, in fact be at best pathetic and more likey non-viable. A wholly evil being would, by defintion be incapable of doing anything that was not evil and most of theactions that keep an organism (and for the purposes of this argument characters like Melkor can be considered organism) going are morally neutral. If orcs were wholly evil, they could not eat drink or breathe, since these acts of self perservation are usually considered good (unless you want to make the argument that once you have become evil enough the moral imperatives sort of flip and suddenly keeping yourself alive becomes the evil act and destroying yourself the good one.).

Originally Posted by Inziladun

Ah, but it's Ilúvatar's world, isn't it? He made it. Good and evil are his to define.

And that's a crux point, if a being is omnipotent and a universal creator, then terms like "good" and "evil" become functionally meaningless. The ominipotent creator makes the defintions and being the omnipotent creator, he can chage those defintions at any time, even retroactively if he/she so chooses. Indeed in that circumstance "good" basically ends up being defined for the being as "whatever I do". Actually that is probably the only way a purely good or evil character could exist, if you do the creator definiton concept of "Good is defined as whatever I do, Evil is defined as whatever you do i.e, the "I can do no wrong, you can do no right" concept."