King of the Elves

[the phantom]

So how could Elrond be the HighKing of the Noldor when his father was not even an immortal child?

Actually, his father's fate is joined with elvenkind, so he is an "immortal", just as much as Elrond is.

Earendil Elrond's sire only had 1/2 or 1/4(technically) noldorin blood in him and wasn't even considered one.

It really doesn't matter if someone's blood is 1/2 or 1/100 Noldorin. If they have the title, they have the title. If you recall, Fingolfin himself was only 1/2 Noldorin.

take note that the title is passed to the brother of the former King; it rather went like this: Feanor>Fingolfin(not to Maedhros, Feanor's son)

Remember, that was a point of contention. Maehdros (as a result of his remorse) waived his claim to the kingship and gave it to Fingolfin, an act that Maedhros's brothers did not agree with. Then after that the kingship stayed in Fingolfin's house (where Elrond comes from).

Galadriel is truly out of the question, especially while a full-grown male descendent of Fingfolin is still alive.

Exactly. As Yoda would say, "Listen to Legolas, you must."