The "common tongue" is Adûnaic, or more precisely, "Westron" is quite obviously what "Adûnaic" means in Adûnaic, with the element "Adûn" meaning "West". The name "Westron" is just a translation.
It's history and place in the world can therefore be easily deduced: it was brought over from Númenor during the Second Age, and became a "common tongue" in areas under control of the North and South Kingdoms in the early Third Age.
A parallel to Latin might be that similar happened to areas in our world under control of the Roman Empire, but Latin obviously more quickly devolved to the Romance Languages, whereas the only observation made about Westron is that some speak in a more archaic manner.
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Then one appeared among us, in our own form visible, but greater and more beautiful; and he said that he had come out of pity.
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