Oddly enough in good ol' letter 156, Tolkien does make a comment about the Numenoreans and a known religion:
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The Numenoreans thus began a great new good, and as monotheists; but like the Jews (only more so) with only one physical centre of 'worship': the summit of the mountain Meneltarma 'Pillar of Heaven'. . .but it had no building and no temple, as all such things had evil associations.
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I presume his reference to the Jews is equating the Meneltarma with the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem, and in their monotheism, not in their specific beliefs or practices.
This particular letter has quite a lot to say about the matter of Numenor, most of which we know through the published Akallabeth. Some things, however, are stated a bit more directly:
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He [Sauron] finally induced Arpharazon, frightened by the approach of old age, to make the greatest of all armadas, and go up with war against the Blessed Realm itself, and wrest it and its 'immortality' into his own hands. This was a delusion of course, a Satanic lie. For as emissaries of the Valar clearly inform him, the Blessed Realm does not confer immortality. The land is blessed because the Blessed dwell there, not vice versa, and the Valar are immortal by right and nature, while Men are mortal by right and nature. But cozened by Sauron he dismissed all this as a diplomatic argument to ward off the power of the King of Kings. It might or might not be 'heretical,' if these myths were regarded as statements about the actual nature of Man in the real world; I do not know. But the view of the myth is that Death -- the mere shortness of human life-span -- is not a punishment for the Fall, but a biologically (and therefore also spiritually, since the body and spirit are integrated) inherent part of Man's nature. The attempt to escape it is wicked because 'unnatural', and silly because Death in that sense is the Gift of God (envied by the Elves), release from the weariness of Time. Death, in the penal sense, is viewed as a change in attitude to it: fear, reluctance. A good Numenorean died of free will when he felt it to be time to do so.
The Valar had no real answer to this monstrous rebellion -- for the Children of God were not under their ultimate jurisdiction: they were not allowed to destroy them, or coerce them with any 'divine' display of the powers they held over the physical world. They appealed to God, and a catastrophic 'change of plan' occurred.
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Since Men and the Elves are referred to as the "Children of God," I sometimes (rather puckishly) think of the results of Eru's intervention as being an act rather like the old saying, "I brought you into this world, I can take you out of it." Perhaps that's the way Tolkien viewed God, but I tend to think not; having myself been raised in pre-Vatican II Roman Catholicism, it never fails to amaze me that he would write, "Nothing was evil in its beginnings; not even Sauron was so." It certainly wasn't what I was taught as a child, and yet, he held this view even before I was born. Even inside the myth, perhaps the sinking of Numenor is not so much meant to be taken as a punishment as it is intended to be a lesson about human nature, the great heights to which it can rise when it keeps its purpose and deeds noble and pure, and how far it can fall when those purposes and deeds become selfish and corrupt. Sadly, it seems that many of the descendants of those who survived did not learn the lesson, and like their forebears, continued to yearn for what they could not have.