[The Squatter of Amon Rûdh]

It has been suggested to me that I don't post as often as some might like. Those who asked have only themselves to blame.

Often it seems to be forgotten just how closely Tolkien's narrative follows Plato's account of Atlantis in the Timaeus and Criteas. For the sake of comparison, the last portion of the latter work is given below.

Such was the vast power which the god settled in the lost island of Atlantis; and this he afterwards directed against our land for the following reasons, as tradition tells: For many generations, as long as the divine nature lasted in them, they were obedient to the laws, and well-affectioned towards the god, whose seed they were; for they possessed true and in every way great spirits, uniting gentleness with wisdom in the various chances of life, and in their intercourse with one another. They despised everything but virtue, caring little for their present state of life, and thinking lightly of the possession of gold and other property, which seemed only a burden to them; neither were they intoxicated by luxury; nor did wealth deprive them of their self-control; but they were sober, and saw clearly that all these goods are increased by virtue and friendship with one another, whereas by too great regard and respect for them, they are lost and friendship with them. By such reflections and by the continuance in them of a divine nature, the qualities which we have described grew and increased among them; but when the divine portion began to fade away, and became diluted too often and too much with the mortal admixture, and the human nature got the upper hand, they then, being unable to bear their fortune, behaved unseemly, and to him who had an eye to see grew visibly debased, for they were losing the fairest of their precious gifts; but to those who had no eye to see the true happiness, they appeared glorious and blessed at the very time when they were full of avarice and unrighteous power. Zeus, the god of gods, who rules according to law, and is able to see into such things, perceiving that an honourable race was in a woeful plight, and wanting to inflict punishment on them, that they might be chastened and improve, collected all the gods into their most holy habitation, which, being placed in the centre of the world, beholds all created things. And when he had called them together, he spake as follows- [the remainder of the dialogue has been lost]

Plato Criteas, tr. Benjamin Jowett

The above translation is quoted in The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide (without its conclusion), and it certainly bears a striking resemblance to Tolkien's account of Númenor: a race is founded by the admixture of mortal and immortal blood and settled on a large island. For a time they are noble and virtuous, but the gradual dilution of the immortal part in them is mirrored in the decline of their society's moral standards. Eventually their impiety brings down a divinely engineered catastrophe upon them in which their island home is destroyed. Tolkien even named the Land of Gift Atalantë, 'The Downfallen', and referred to Númenor in his letters as 'the Atlantis-isle'. For me, though, there is a striking difference between Tolkien and Plato: their divergent approaches to the divine motive.

In Plato, Zeus explicitly states that his intention is to punish the Atlanteans so that their character will improve (slightly illogical, since they will probably not survive their lesson). Tolkien, on the other hand, never refers to punishment or even a lesson in any of his drafts of the Númenor material. In fact, in some versions of The Downfall of Númenor, Andor is not the only land to be destroyed in the cataclysm.

��§47 But those that are wisest in discernment aver that the fleets of the Nūmenōreans came indeed to Avallondē and encompassed it about, but the Avalāi made no sign. But Manawē being grieved sought the counsel at the last of Eru, and the Avalāi laid down their governance of Earth. And Eru overthrew its shape, and a great chasm was opened in the sea between Nūmenōr and Avallondē and the seas poured in, and into that abyss fell all the fleets of the Nūmenōreans and were swallowed in oblivion. But Avallondē and Nūmenōrē that stood on either side of the great rent were also destroyed; and they foundered and are no more. And the Avalāi thereafter had no local habitation on earth, nor is there any place more where memory of an earth without evil is preserved; and the Avalāi dwell in secret or have faded to shadows, and their power is minished.

The Drowning of Anadûnê (version 1), Sauron Defeated p.351

The above text was composed at a time when Tolkien was working on The Notion Club Papers, and pre-dates the Akallabêth by a considerable time. What strikes me as significant (other than the possibility that this is intended as a human rather than an Elvish tradition) is that both some portion of the Undying Lands and Númenor are destroyed in the reshaping of the earth. Had Tolkien left the story in this form it would have left us in no doubt about the incidental nature of Númenor's destruction, but this does raise another apparent contradiction: how can an omnipotent being cause collateral damage? This might be explained by the history of the text: in the earliest version of The Fall of Númenor, it is clearly the Valar, not Eru, who have reshaped the world.

����§8 But Ilúvatar gave power to the Gods, and they bent back the edges of the Middle-earth, and they made it into a globe, so that however far a man should sail he could never again reach the true West, but came back weary at last to the place of his beginning. Thus New Lands came into being beneath the Old World, and all were equally distant from the centre of the round earth; and there was flood and great confusion of waters, and seas covered what was once the dry, and lands appeared where there had been deep seas. Thus also the heavy air flowed round all the earth in that time, above the waters; and the springs of all waters were cut off from the stars.
§9 But Númenor being nigh upon the East to the great rift was utterly thrown down and overwhelmed in sea, and its glory perished.

The Fall of Númenor (version 1), The Lost Road, p.16

Tolkien says something very similar in one of his published letters.

Faced by this rebellion, of appalling folly and blasphemy, and also real peril (since the Númenóreans directed by Sauron could have wrought ruin in Valinor itself) the Valar lay down their delegated power and appeal to God, and receive the power and permission to deal with the situation; the old world is broken and changed. A chasm is opened in the sea and Tar-Calion and his armada is engulfed. Númenor itself on the edge of the rift topples and vanishes for ever with all its glory in the abyss.

Letters #131 (c. late 1951)

The agency involved, however, was to be changed not long afterwards. In 1954, Tolkien wrote about the events of the Akallabêth in another letter.

The Valar had no real answer to this monstrous rebellion - for the Children of God were not under their ultimate jurisdiction: they were not allowed to destroy them, or coerce them with any 'divine' display of the powers they held over the physical world. They appealed to God, and a catastrophic 'change of plan' occurred. At the moment that Arpharazôn set foot on the forbidden shore, a rift appeared: Númenor foundered and was utterly overwhelmed; the armada was swallowed up; and the Blessed Realm removed for ever from the circles of the physical world.

Letters #155 (September 1954)

Later still, he told Rhona Beare that "Sauron was first defeated by a 'miracle': a direct action of God the Creator, changing the fashion of the world, when appealed to by Manwë..." (Letters #211), so we can see a fairly rapid re-assessment of the whole story from an act of the Valar to the direct intervention of the creator. The Valar might be forgiven for their failure to foresee the extent of the damage this change in the earth's form would cause, but Tolkien has now replaced them as the prime agency with Eru himself, who ought to know what the outcome of his actions will be. Personally I feel that this causes a theological problem that could easily have been avoided, but since I ought to conclude this monster with some sort of opinion I will give one.

It seems to me that within the boundaries of Arda itself, Eru's powers were limited by the physical rules of his own creation. In the Athrabeth Finrod Ah Andreth, for example, Andreth cannot understand how the dream of the 'Men of the Old Hope' can be achieved.

'But they speak of Eru Himself entering into Arda... How could He the greater do this? Would it not shatter Arda, or indeed all Eä?'

Athrabeth (Morgoth's Ring p.322

In fact, Eru must become incarnate to do this, and Tolkien quite rightly shied away at the last from talking about the Crucifixion in his legends. However it does demonstrate that the limitless creator must limit himself in order to conform with the internal rules of his creation, and one of those rules is that enormous geological upheavals can cause islands to sink. As I said above, however, Tolkien had changed his mind enough for the theology of this situation to be unclear. Personally I think that narrative necessity demanded that Númenor be destroyed, because combining Plato's account and Tolkien's own dream of the wave was the whole point of the story. Once he had the dramatic situation on his hands - and had decided that Eru rather than the Valar should change the world - he was forced back on making the rebellion 'monstrous' and blasphemous, and the outcome of a Númenórean landing more perilous in order to avoid portraying Eru as a vengeful deity. No lesson appears to have been intended or received except by the reader.