[The Squatter of Amon Rûdh]

As I so often do, I think that some passages from the letters might be helpful here, especially since they support several of the points made above.

Originally Posted by JRRT

The Lord of the Rings was actually begun, as a separate thing, about 1937, and had reached the inn at Bree, before the shadow of the second war. Personally I do not think that either war (and of course not the atomic bomb) had any influence upon either the plot or the manner of its unfolding. Perhaps in landscape. The Dead Marshes and the approaches to the Morannon owe something to Northern France after the Battle of the Somme. They owe more to William Morris in his Huns and Romans, as in 'The House of the Wolfings' or 'The Roots of the Mountains'.

Letters no. 226 (31 December 1960)

My problem with allegory, even such a diverting allegory as the Wessex connection, is that it trammels L.R., obscuring its meaning behind false real-world analogies. Allegory has been the great literary disease of the last century, probably because it allows the reader to feel that he has been allowed into a cosy little secret. The vulgar and untutored might see, for example, a simple beast fable about animals running a farm, but of course the educated and superior critic knows that Orwell is talking about the Russian revolution. It allows the reader who possesses a modicum of sense to feel that he has cracked a code and revealed secrets hidden to lesser minds.

This, of course, has presented a lot of problems to authors of fantasy. It's no coincidence that E.R. Eddison's foreword to The Worm Ouroboros begins "It is neither allegory nor fable but a Story to be read for its own sake," while Tolkien's preface to the 1966 second edition of L.R. contains a long rebuttal of its status as an allegory on recent events that already accounts for every fifth word ever posted in this forum. There is, however, a good reason for the determination of their denials: to find allegory in either author's work is to misunderstand fundamentally the nature of the work, and - in Tolkien's case at least - his entire outlook on life, fiction and his country's enemies.

Tolkien made a number of comments on the Second World War in his letters, many of them directly relating to Germany, and his attitude is a telling one. Perhaps, though, it is best to begin with his famous letter to the German publishing house Rütten and Loening Verlag, of 1938.

Originally Posted by JRRT

My great, great grandfather came to England in the eighteenth century from Germany: the main part of my descent is therefore purely English, and I am an English subject - which should be sufficient. I have been accustomed, nonetheless, to regard my German name with pride, and continued to do so throughout the period of the late regrettable war, in which I served in the English army. I cannot, however, forbear to comment that if impertinent and irrelevant inquiries of this sort [i.e. whether Tolkien had any Jewish ancestry] are to become the rule in matters of literature, then the time is not far distant when a German name will no longer be a source of pride.

Letters no. 30, 25th July 1938

Tolkien, then, was well-disposed towards Germany as a country, and like any reasonably intelligent person he was able to distinguish between a country and the party that happens to be leading it. It is difficult to imagine someone actually liking Mordor as a place or an idea, at least the parts of it through which Frodo and Sam pass in L.R., because Mordor is almost a physical manifestation of Sauron's will to corrupt and destroy: a land utterly blasted and ruined. On the other hand, some parts of 1940s Germany were really quite nice and remain so.

After five years of destructive warfare, Tolkien's opinion remained basically unchanged. While deploring the excesses and methods of the axis powers, he continued to detest the individuals responsible for them, not the entire nation.

Originally Posted by JRRT

Urukhai is only a figure of speech. There are no genuine Uruks, that is folk made bad by the intention of their maker; and not many who are so corrupted as to be irredeemable (though I fear it must be admitted that there are human creatures that seem irredeemable short of a special miracle, and that there are probably abnormally many of such creatures in Deutschland and Nippon - but certainly these unhappy countries have no monopoly: I have met them, or thought so, in England's green and pleasant land).

Letters no. 78 (12 August 1944)

Tolkien's distaste for jingoism is again apparent in a letter of 1944.

Originally Posted by JRRT

We knew Hitler was a vulgar and ignorant little cad, in addition to any other defects (or the source of them); but there seem to be many v. and i. l. cads who don't speak German, and who given the same chance would show most of the other Hitlerian characteristics. There was a solemn article in the local paper seriously advocating systematic exterminating of the entire German nation as the only proper course after military victory: because, if you please, they are rattlesnakes, and don't know the difference between good and evil! (What of the writer?) The Germans have just as much right to declare the Poles and Jews exterminable vermin, subhuman, as we have to select the Germans: in other words, no right, whatever they have done. Of course there is still a difference here. The article was answered and the answer printed. The Vulgar and Ignorant Cad is not yet a boss with power; but he is a very great deal closer to becoming one in this green and pleasant isle than he was.

Letters no. 81 (23-25th September 1944)

As the fall of Berlin neared, with Russian tanks sixty miles from the city, Tolkien was again disgusted with the bloodthirsty popular opinion in his own country.

Originally Posted by JRRT

Yet people gloat to hear of the endless lines, 40 miles long, of miserable refugees, women and children pouring West, dying on the way. There seem no bowels of mercy or compassion, no imagination left in this dark diabolic hour. By which I do not mean that it may not all, in the present situation, mainly (not solely) created by Germany, be necessary and inevitable. But why gloat! We were supposed to have reached a stage of civilisation in which it might still be necessary to execute a criminal, but not to gloat, or to hang his wife and child by him while the orc-crowd hooted. The destruction of Germany, be it 100 times merited, is one of the most appalling world-catastrophes.

Letters no. 96 (30th Jan. 1945)

This is scarcely the sort of language that one would expect Tolkien to use about the fall of Mordor, particularly since he doesn't. This is because although in his books the antagonist is virtually a personification of evil, Tolkien lived in the real world, and people are not like that. Hitler, for example, as well as inspiring and ordering the deaths of millions, plunging the world into a brutally destructive war and utterly wrecking Germany, was a dog-loving, vegetarian teetotaller and decorated war hero, who might have led quite an unremarkable life had he not entered politics. Tolkien appears to have regarded him with contempt; not the awe that Sauron inspires.

Basically, then, not only was Tolkien too subtle a writer to hammer home points about contemporary politics in the form of a rather clumsy allegory, but the very points which he is often supposed to have been making do not support his own expressed opinions. This is why he devoted so many words to refuting the World War II allegory: because it presented to the world an utterly false view of his views and (more importantly in his eyes) the character of his work.

Now for some fun.

Originally Posted by Lalwendë

I think the only aspect of LotR that you could argue was influenced directly by WWII was the creation of the Fell Beasts (good call, Rumil). I believe there is something in one of the letters about this, about how Tolkien was horrified by airborne warfare - and I understand he was not wholly happy about Christopher being an RAF man, either.

I found that one too.

Originally Posted by JRRT

It would not be easy for me to express to you my loathing for the Third Service - which can be nonetheless, and is for me, combined with admiration, gratitude and above all pity for the young men caught in it. But it is the aeroplane of war that is the real villain. And nothing can really amend my grief that you, my best beloved, have any connexion with it. My sentiments are more or less those that Frodo would have had if he discovered some Hobbits learning to ride Nazgûl-birds, 'for the liberation of the Shire'. Though in this case, as I know nothing about British or American imperialism in the Far East that does not fill me with regret and disgust, I am afraid I am not even supported by a glimmer of patriotism in this remaining war. [The war in the Far East, which continued until August 1945]

Letters no. 100 (29th May 1945)

I was also interested in rorschach's points about the geographical location of Mordor. There is actually a parallel that is both medieval and Christian, and which supports Tolkien's assertion that the south-eastern siting of the Black Land was a geographical necessity. As John F. Vickrey points out in 'The Vision of Eve in Genesis B' (Speculum 44 (1969)), in the Anglo-Saxon poem Christ III, the appearance of Christ on judgement day is to be from the south-east (ll. 899-904), and the poem follows numerous literary parallels that associate God with the south-east and the devil with the north-west (this could be the reason for Tolkien's placement of Morgoth's great fastnesses in northern regions). In Lactantius's Divinae Institutiones, II, 9, God is also associated with the east and south, in this case at the creation. Vickrey follows Thomas Hill in tracing these associations to St. Jerome's commentary on Zacharias xiv 4-5.

Tolkien would have been familiar at the very least with the advent of Christ in Christ III and may have read any number of works by St. Jerome, so it may be that he was aware of this, which supports his contention that if one sets one's action in the north-west of the known world (the region occupied by Anglo-Saxon England), one cannot avoid having one's main antagonists attack from south and east. If I were given to the seeking of allegory, I might suggest that it was, in fact, deliberate, and that Tolkien was upset with God during the entire writing of L.R., but of course that would be ridiculous.