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I would say that the Arkenstone is the equivalent of the Silmarils for the dwarves; they call it the Heart of the Mountain. Furthermore, in HoME IV, The earliest Annal of Valinor, it is stated that the Gothic root arkns (in Old English Eorclan) means holy; and the same root Eorclan is used in the translation of the Silmarils in Old English: Eorclanstanas (even physically they are alike: crystals of diamonds - globe with a thousand faces). It could have even more importance to Thorin since he calls it the treasure of his house.
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