[Lalwendë]

What kind of culture would need books and libraries? It would need to be a settled culture, one which is not about to remove itself to another part of Middle-earth in the future, or indeed another part of Arda (libraries are not easily moved....I know). It would also have to be a relatively secure culture which put the effort into producing books. Even if Middle-earth possessed the printing press, would it be a very advanced technology? I would doubt it, taking historical precedent into account; the availability of affordable books is a relatively recent development. So it must presumably have taken up a great deal of time to produce just a single volume, time which may not have been to spare if a culture was engaged in either the struggle to survive or to wage war.

A culture which placed great importance on books would also need to be a stable culture. Books would have been valuable items, tempting to invaders looking for loot (I wonder if Osgiliath had a library and if it was saved?). If the people were constantly on the move, either running from or attacking enemies, and generally engaging in strategic movements of people, then collections of books would be a burden. Emphasis would be placed upon 'portable wealth'; single books might form part of this, but libraries would be impractical.

I would hazard a guess that at the time of the War of the Ring, book production would not have been uppermost in the minds of the peoples of Middle-earth apart from Hobbits who led a relatively peaceful and settled existence, amenable to gathering books and mathoms. Such books as were produced would have been for practical purposes, e.g. the Book of Mazarbul. But this does not mean that storytelling would have come to a close. All the cultures seem to possess a keen instinct for storytelling, even if such tales are based upon history and recent events. Gondor and Rohan even seem to have pre-existing accepted forms of verse, as seen in the inpromptu verses recited at Boromir's funeral or when Eomer is on the Pelennor Fields.

What I have noticed is that one culture in particular seems to possess a very strong oral culture which appears to be on the verge of becomong written down. That is Rohan. They have minstrels, the King even has a personal minstrel, indicating how important the role of storytelling is to them as a people. Aragorn says they have:

a forgotten poet long ago in Rohan, recalling how tall and fair was Eorl the Young, who rode down out of the North; and there were wings upon the feet of his steed, Felarof, father of horses.

This suggests to me that there have been other poets too, and that this poet was writing some time in the past. Rohan places enough importance on oral literature that it has a literary heritage. When Eomer meets Aragorn he talks as a man with broad experience of stories, legends and songs:

The Rider looked at them with renewed wonder, but his eyes hardened. "Then there is a Lady in the Golden Wood, as old tales tell!" he said.

Eomer stepped back and a look of awe was in his face. He cast down his proud eyes. "These are indeed strange days," he muttered. 'Dreams and legends spring to life out of the grass.

"Halflings!" laughed the rider that stood beside Eomer. "Halflings! But they are only a little people in old songs and children's tales out of the North. Do we walk in legends or on the green earth in the daylight?"

"Wingfoot I name you. This deed of the three friends should be sung in many a hall.

This culture has been in Rohan for some hundreds of years, not long in comparison to the age of Gondor, but we would guess quite long enough to settle down to such a level that it could begin producing written literature. However the Rohirrim seem to have been engaged in war for much of their time in Rohan. The men seem to have been called off to become warriors or farmers so it seems they may have had little time for writing. The wealth of the Rohirrim is in horses, weaponry, armour, and the tapestries which decorate the walls of Meduseld; all these things are portable, suitable treasures for a people who are not wholly safe in their own realm. Even the tombs of the Kings are unmarked, wordless Barrows.

But though they do not write their stories down, their culture places such an importance upon them that it can only be a matter of time before they start to do so. Given the peace and security that Aragorn's kingship must have brought, the Rohirrim must have soon begun to do so, and to produce books. I can't help but draw conclusions comparing Gondor to the old Greek/Latin culture and Rohan to the new Anglo-Saxon culture which sprang up once they had found security and the time to actually write their stories down.