[Thinlómien]

And another article, which I recieved from the mailing list of The Finnish Tolkien Society:

Bone of Hobbit-like species uncovered

Tuesday, October 11, 2005 Posted: 2012 GMT (0412 HKT)

-- Scientists say they have found more bones in an Indonesian cave that
offer additional evidence of a second human species -- short and hobbit-
like -- that roamed the Earth the same time as modern man.

But the vocal scientific minority that has challenged that conclusion
since the discovery of Homo floresiensis was announced last year remains
unconvinced.

The discovery of a jaw bone, to be reported in Thursday's issue of the
journal Nature, represents the ninth individual belonging to a group
believed to have lived as recently as 12,000 years ago. The bones are in a
wet cave on the island of Flores in the eastern limb of the Indonesian
archipelago, near Australia.

In 2004, scientists announced their original, sensational discovery of a
delicate skull and partial skeleton of a female, nicknamed "Hobbit" and
believed to be 18,000 years old. In addition, they found separate bones
and fragments of other individuals ranging in age from 12,000 to 95,000
years old.

The findings have ignited a controversy unlike any other in the often-
contentious study of human origins.

The tiny bones have enchanted many anthropologists who accept the
interpretation that these diminutive skeletons belonged to a remnant
population of prehistoric humans that were marooned on Flores with dwarf
elephants and other miniaturized animals, giving the discovery a kind of
fairy tale quality.

If true, the discovery grafts a strange and tangled evolutionary branch
near the very top of the human family tree.

The conventional view of human evolution is that several types of
primitive ape-like ancestors appeared and faded over a span of about 4.5
million years. Modern Homo sapiens developed about 100,000 years ago, and
quickly overtook other large-brained competitors like Homo erectus and
Neanderthals. Modern humans were thought to have roamed the Earth without
competition for at least the past 30,000 years.

Fully grown, Homo floresiensis would have stood about 3 feet tall, with a
brain about the size of a chimpanzee.

Its discoverers, led by Australian anthropologist Michael Morwood of the
University of New England, speculate it evolved from Homo erectus, which
had spread from Africa across Asia. They attribute its small size to its
isolation on an island.

However, the researchers acknowledge that the Hobbit shares a bizarre and
unexplained mixture of modern and primitive traits. For example, its long,
dangling arms were thought to have belonged only to much older prehuman
species that were confined to Africa.

A vocal scientific minority insists the Hobbit specimens do not represent
a new species at all. They believe the specimens are nothing more than the
bones of modern humans that suffered from microencephaly, a broadly
defined genetic disorder that results in small brain size and other
defects.

And, at least two groups of opponents have submitted their own studies to
other leading scientific journals refuting the Flores work.

"This paper doesn't clinch it. I feel strongly that people are glossing
over the problems with this interpretation," said Robert Martin, a
biological anthropologist and provost of the Field Museum of Natural
History in Chicago.

Those caught in the middle of the debate say it is a real test of what we
know about human evolution.

Daniel E. Lieberman of the Peabody Museum at Harvard said the specimens
are so unusual that they deserve a more detailed analysis in order to
adequately answer the critics' complaints.

"Many syndromes can cause microencephaly and dwarfism and they all need to
be considered," said Lieberman, who wrote a commentary in Nature. "The
findings are not only astonishing, but also exciting because of the
questions they raise."

In the latest Nature study, the same team of Australian and Indonesian
scientists working in Liang Bua cave on Flores report finding a variety of
additional bones buried at various depths.

Among them, bones from the right arm of the previously discovered 18,000-
year old female. They labeled her LB1.

And, they report finding the lower jaw bone that does not belong to any of
the previously discovered individuals. An analysis of firepit charcoal
found nearby in the excavation layer suggests the jawbone is 15,000 years
old. It suggests a weaker chin with smaller tooth dimensions than LB1, but
otherwise shares the same characteristics.

"They almost certainly belong to the same species," Lieberman concluded.