The war came about after Azog, Orc-leader, killed King Thror. The dwarves assembled their armies and waged war on the goblins in the Misty Moutains. At last, they reached the 'residence' of Azog, which was, in fact, Moria. The dwarven armies, lead by Thrain and his cousin Nain, were victorious in the final battle, the Battle of Nanduhirion.
A young Dain Ironfoot (leader of the dwarven army that came from the Iron Hills to aid Thorin some years later in the Battle of Five Armies in The Hobbit) murdered Azog.
You also probably recall the goblin-leader Bolg who was murdered in the Battle of Five Armies by Beorn in The Hobbit. He was Azog's son, and his father's death, along with the 'trespassing' of Gandalf, Bilbo, and Thorin's company lead to his dislike for the dwarves and his attack that caused the Battle of Five Armies just as the Thranduil's elves of Mirkwood and the men of Laketown were about to fight with Thorin's company at the Lonely Mountain.
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...take counsel with thyself, and remember who and what thou art.
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