To quote from Humphrey Carpenter's authorized biography of Tolkien:
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In these later years [Tolkien] still saw a little of Lewis, making occasional visits to the 'Bird and Baby' and to the Kilns, Lewis's house on the other side of Headington; and he and Lewis might conceivably have preserved something of their old friendship had not Tolkien been puzzled and even angered by Lewis's marriage to Joy Davidman, which lasted form 1957 until her death in 1960. Some of his feelings may be explained by the fact that she had been divorced from her first husband before she married Lewis, some by resentment of Lewis's expectation that his friends should pay court to his new wife - whereas in the thirties Lewis, very much the bachelor, had liked to ignore the fact that his friends had wives to go home to. But there was more to it than that. It was almost as if Tolkien felt betrayed by the marriage, resented the intrusion of a woman into his friendship with Lewis - just as Edith had resented Lewis's intrusion into her marriage. Ironically it was Edith who became friends with Joy Davidman.
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And from A.N. Wilson's biography of C.S. Lewis:
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We do not know which passage [from Lewis's English Literature in the Sixteenth Century Excluding Drama ] particularly annoyed Tolkien...but it could have been any of the moments where Lewis reflects upon the religion of the period - his provocative use of the word 'papist' for 'Roman Catholic', his praise of Calvin, his claim that Tyndale was superior to Thomas More as a stylist, or perhaps even his enthusiasm for Spenser, in whose work Tolkien, when in the mood, was capable of nosing out 'anti-Catholic mythology'.
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Granted, Wilson is far more apt toward speculation than Carpenter, but with due care for distinguishing authorial opinion from fact, it is clear enough that Tolkien and Lewis had a spate of latent issues that cooled their friendship.