Well, I agree with what Findegil said about the Eagles and Nazgūl, but I have something to add about the orcs. When Christopher Tolkien published
The Silmarillion, he published what he believed was JRRT's most recent work. That being said, when Elves first came to Arda (the world) Melkor (the first dark lord) captured them and
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Yet this is held true of the wise of Eressėa, that all those Quendi who came into the hands of Melkor, ere Utumno was broken, were put there in prison, and by the slow arts of cruelty were corrupted and enslaved; and thus did Melkor breed the hideous race of Orcs in envy and mockery of the Elves, of whom they were afterwards the bitterest of foes.
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I would recommend the Sil to you. It is a great book filled with information that should answer some of your questions.