The lands that are primarily discussed in the Silmarillion are maps of pre-LotR Arda. This is what the lands of Middle-Earth looked like and were called way back when, during the period before the second and third age. You will find the land of Numenor within, which does not appear on third age M-E because (very Atlantis-like) it sunk beneath the sea. Many of the places on that map in the Silm correspond to Third Age M-E maps.
Hope that answers your question.
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"What mortal feels not awe/Nor trembles at our name,
Hearing our fate-appointed power sublime/Fixed by the eternal law.
For old our office, and our fame,"
-Aeschylus, Song of the Furies
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