Understanding one another in the Fellowship
 

Since there were people representing different races in the Fellowship, do you think they understood each other. I mean,for instance, would Legolas understand the Dwarvish language Gimli speaks and would Gimli understand Elvish? Reply soon with your opinion.

well Legolas surely wouldn't understand Khuz-Dul (Dwarvish) as that tongue was kept nearly completely secret from non-Dwarves. As for Gimli,speaking "Elfish",I don't know.Probably not.

Gimli did know elvish. A lot of dwarves did. When they were all at the gate of Moria you will notice that the words were written in Elvish, Quenya I think, and Gimli certainly knew what it said, just not how to solve the riddle. I hope that answers your question.

Dondagnirion

All of the members of the Fellowship spoke Westron, the "common tongue" spread by the Numenoreans during their dominion on Middle-Earth. Thus, while some may have not understood the native tongues of others, they were all able to communicate with each other.

Phrim has given the correct answer.

Additionally...

No one but Gimli and Gandalf would've understood the dwarven language, though Aragorn and Legolas may have been familiar with certain words (proper nouns, I imagine).

Basically, the Fellowship was nothing like the U.N.

Since when does Gandalf know Khuzdul? What he says is...

That pretty well states that he did not know Khuzdul, at least beyond the things like place names that everyone knew. He certainly did not know enough to be fluent in it.

You don't have to be taught to learn things. Besides, you can always teach yourself. And Gandalf is very old, so I assume he would have had more than enough time to figure out the language. When Gandalf says it might me implying that he [Gandalf] went through the painstaking task of learning the language himself and he does not need Gimli's help. And it never said he didn't know the language.

What he ment was that the password would have been in Elvish because that is who made the door. (read the passage right before this in FOTR) Gandalf was old, but he had only been in ME for part of that time. Gandalf probebly know more than the rest of the fellowship but being old does not mean he knew dwarvish.

I'm afraid that you do have to be taught Khuzdul. It is not something you can pick up on your own. The reason is that (besides the Petty-Dwarves) they do not speak it in the presence of non-Dwarves. Place names and such being the only known exceptions. If they wanted to hold private conversations in the presence of outsiders they used their "gesture-speech" which was almost impossible for outsiders to see.

I doubt that he had the opportunity, or the mentor to teach him. He was a very busy wizard. I suppose that it could be argued that he learned it in the First or Second Ages when he was not necessarily in physical form. He could have drifted over to Middle-earth and spent a few hundred years studying the Dwarves to pick up their language. However, this is unlikely. For one thing, I can't remember that the Maia visited Middle-earth very much after the Dwarves woke up (might be wrong about that though, can't remember for sure). The other thing is, why would he want to spend the time? It would take a long while to pick up the language from this type of observation. Why would he waste his time doing something like this when there was little reason to do so?

True, however the statement is dripping with that implication.

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Gimli may have known what it said, but I don't think that he could read it. Gimli seemed to know quite a bit about (ancient) Moria, and was quite eager to go there. Many of his relatives could have simply told him what was written on the Gates of Moria. He didn't have to be able to read it.